Epithalon 20mg/50mg

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304416582900332

hGH Fragment 176-191 $80.00

Numerous studies have shown that this peptide may represent numerous opportunities for competent scientists to investigate, especially cartilage regeneration and fatty tissue mitigation.

What is Fragment 176-191 peptide?

This synthetic amino acid sequence mimics the hGH sequence, starting from position 177 to position 191.

AOD 9604, or “lipolytic extract,” is another name for Fragment 176-191. Many researchers argue that Fragment 177-191 may be an important research compound in the context of obesity. They believe it can potentially burn fat in animal models in laboratory settings.

Despite positive results, Fragment 176-191 hasn’t been used for human research purposes and doesn’t have official medical approvals.

Growth hormone

According to research, it appears that hGH Fragment 176-191 may not produce any side effects often related to hGH supplementation. Several adverse effects, such as, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and increases in IGF-a levels, have cast doubt on hGH’s use as an obesity treatment. However, when it comes to hGH Fragment 176-191, it doesn’t seem to be impacting blood IGF-1 levels or negatively affecting carbohydrate metabolism.

A trial conducted on Zucker rats in 2000 showed no detrimental effects on insulin sensitivity. Also, an investigation on obese mice done in 2001 did not seem to affect insulin secretion.

Properties

Studies conducted on animals suggest that this peptide can exhibit significant theoretical properties, which will be outlined below:

The main potential of this Fragment is its lipolytic properties or, in other words, fat-reducing potential. While growth hormones promote development in infancy, they have also been speculated to have an important purpose in maturity.
Lipoprotein lipase inhibitors may be activated in fat cells,
By stimulating lipolysis in adipocytes may lead to a decrease in fat cell bulk,
It might lead to loss of fat from the host body,

Weight

A 14-day trial researching overweight mice came to a conclusion that Fragment 176-191 may have increased skeletal muscle thermogenesis and boosted fat burning.

The study results indicated that this peptide may have enhanced beta (3)-AR RNA (ADRB3) levels, which caused rapid weight reduction in overweight animals but didn’t have much effect on lean mice.

Cartilage

Based on other animal research, it appears that hGH Fragment 176-191 may boost the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA). When Fragment 176-191 was combined with hyaluronic acid, it might boost cartilage formation in white rabbits which have issues with osteoporosis.

References:

Habibullah MM, Mohan S, Syed NK, Makeen HA, Jamal QMS, Alothaid H, Bantun F, Alhazmi A, Hakamy A, Kaabi YA, Samlan G, Lohani M, Thangavel N, Al-Kasim MA. Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022 Jun 27;16:1963-1974. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S367586. PMID: 35783198; PMCID: PMC9249349.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Human-Growth-Hormone-Fragment-176%E2%80%93191-Peptide-the-Habibullah-Mohan/574cee96c109525005b03688cedaa447ba46b3e8

Habibullah, Mahmoud & Mohan, Syam & Syed, Nabeel & Makeen, Hafiz & Jamal, Qazi & Alothaid, Hani & Bantun, Farkad & Hakamy, Ali & Kaabi, Yahia & Samlan, Ghalia & Lohani, Mohtashim & Thangavel, Neelaveni & Al-Kasim, Mohamed. (2022). Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176–191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 16. 1963. 10.2147/DDDT.S367586.

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https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01163-7/abstract

Cagrisema 10mg $165.00

Cagrisema 10mg is one of the latest PeptideShop’s peptide blends, which combines cagrilintide and semaglutide. Each vial contains a combination of lyophilized cagrilintide and semaglutide, 5mg each, tested for purity and strength, and suitable for lab experiments and chemical trials.

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist. GLP-1 is one of the main gut peptide hormones in humans, which plays a role in many different mechanisms within the body from insulin secretion, glucagon release, gastric emptying, appetite and energy intake.

And cagrilintdide is an amylin analogue co-secreted with insulin, which plays a role in glycemic control and gastric emptying.

Researchers hypothesize that this combination profoundly influences receptor changes in the brain, insulin secretion, appetite regulation and glucagon secretion.

Though this combination has not yet been fully tested, we have data from a study on the effects of Cagrisema on patients with type 2 diabetes.This was a 32-week, double-blind study across 17 sites in the USA, conducted on 92 individuals in total.

Final results showed that cagrisema resulted in clinically relevant improvements in glycaemic control (significant change in HbA1c) and, more importantly, a greater weight loss versus semaglutide as well as cagrilintide.

References:

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TB-500 10mg $80.00 – $140.00

TB-500 is a 43 amino acid long synthetic peptide, analogue of thymosin beta-4. Thymosin beta-4 is a widely distributed peptide, and present in virtually all mammalian cells, which plays a pivotal role in many different processes in the body – it increases angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), proliferation, inhibits apoptosis (cell death) and inflammation.

Numerous animal clinical trials also showed that thymosin beta-4 can be used to indicate myocardial, liver and renal problems.

Angiogenesis:

Thymosin beta-4 promotes angiogenesis, triggers cell proliferation and migration, as well as the formation of capillary-like structures in cells. It also triggers blood perfusion (local fluid flow) by increasing capillary density.

Apoptosis:

Thymosin beta-4 inhibits apoptosis by inhibiting the transforming growth factor pathway. It also prevents nucleus pulposus (spinal disk providing shock absorption during movement) cell apoptosis and slows down cellular aging.

Inflammation:

In mouse models Tβ4 significantly dropped the number of inflammatory cells in the brains of the treated animals. It also prevented the production of proinflammatory cytokines and effectively blocked the increase of ethanol-induced inflammatory factors.

Heart Health:

Clinical data showed that thymosin beta-4 has a positive effect on both acute phase (immediately following the injury) where it preserves the ischemic myocardium, as well as in the chronic phase, in which it activates the growth of vascular cells.

After observing Tβ4’s benefits in animal models, it’s not surprising TB-500 gained so much popularity recently, since it acts as Tβ4’s synthetic analogue. Numerous clinical studies (in animal models) showed TB-500 as a potent way to improve blood vessel growth and fluid flow, accelerate wound healing, reduce oxidative stress and bind protein.

Of course, more research is needed to determine the full effects of this peptide, its safety and effectiveness in human test subjects.

Reference:

Xing Y, Ye Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Dec 21;12:767785. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767785. PMID: 34992578; PMCID: PMC8724243.

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Cagrilintide $150.00 – $260.00

Obesity’s become a global pandemic, currently affecting one third of the entire population, and this is why we can look at it as a chronic disease that requires appropriate treatment.

When talking about obesity, amylin hormone is of great importance as it gets secreted along with insulin and acts as food intake inhibitor, delaying gastric emptying and suppresses post-prandial glucagon responses to meals.

For this reason, there is a tendency to include amylin management in newly developed medication.

And one such compound is cagrilintide – lipidated long-acting amylin analogue.

Though it still hadn’t been thoroughly tested on humans, numerous rat studies showed incredible potential. One such in vitro study involving rats set out to compare cagrilintide’s effectiveness against pramlintide (an FDA-approved diabetes 1/2 medication).

The study showed that pramlintide reduced food intake by 25% in the period of 0-24 hours (it did not cause reduced food intake after 24 hours). But the dosage was substantial – 1000 nmol/kg.

On the other hand, cagrilintide was able to reduce food intake by approximately 50% with a minimal dosage of only 3 nmol/kg. More importantly, this food intake reduction spanned across 60 hours from the moment it was injected.

These results clearly show the potency of cagrilintide in weight loss and diabetes management medication, especially because it acts over such a long time period (allowing subcutaneous injections to be applied once a week).

Reference:

Dehestani B, Stratford NR, le Roux CW. Amylin as a Future Obesity Treatment. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2021 Dec 30;30(4):320-325. doi: 10.7570/jomes21071. PMID: 34929674; PMCID: PMC8735818.

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Tesamorelin $75.00 – $130.00

Tesamorelin is a 44 amino acid long, synthetic growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue. It was primarily developed and used to treat visceral fat buildup in HIV positive patients suffering from lipodystrophy (a condition characterized by abnormal fat distribution).

Tesamorelin peptide activates GHRH receptors in the pituitary gland, resulting in growth hormone synthesis and release. This GH release further stimulates the production of Ilike growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is naturally low in obese and diabetic patients.

The good thing about tesamorelin is that it was approved in the US back in 2010 for the treatment of abdominal fat in HIV positive patients as a part of the antiviral therapy-related lipodystrophy. It has also been evaluated as a potential therapy of insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver and, of course, obesity. These clinical studies are still ongoing and we’ll need more information to confirm its effectiveness.

The usual tesamorelin dosage for patients is 2mg given in the form of a subcutaneous injection, once a week. As for the side effects, patients did not report that many, but from the ones we have documented, most common are:

Application site irritation
Itching
Peripheral edema
Mild nausea
Redness

More importantly, tirzepatide therapy was not associated with hepatotoxicity and is very unlikely to cause any clinically apparent liver injuries.

Reference:

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https://www.peptidesciences.com/melanotan-2-10mg?queryID=21fe0d5a93fd5eab13f77dfcf49032bf&objectID=8&indexName=psm2_default_products

Melanotan 2 $55.00

Melanotan 2 is a synthetic version of human alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and acts as a non selective melanocortin-receptor agonist. It was mainly developed as a sunless tanning option, but some clinical studies showed it also causes spontaneous penile erections, as well as general sexual stimulation.

Some of the other “side effects” researchers noticed were reduction in compulsive behavior, reduced glucagon production, hunger suppression and even some limited addiction control.

Melanotan 2 Effects On Autism

There is some additional recent clinical research suggesting there might be a link between Mealnotan 2 and autism. Of course, melanotan treatment cannot reverse autism, sadly, but it may act on some aspects of this disorder and make it more manageable.

In mouse model studies researchers recorded that MT2 stimulated oxytocin release, which had the potential to reduce (in some cases counteract) common ASD behaviors – behaviors that include:

Hand clapping
Bouncing on toes
Body rocking
Holding body parts in unusual positions
Repeating vocalizations etc.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7930850/

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/bremelanotide

PT-141 $55.00

Also called Bremelanotide, PT-141 is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist that promotes dopamine release. Since it has such a high affinity for MC4R (Melanocortin 4 Receptor), in the presynaptic neurons of the hypothalamus, it has been approved as a treatment for HSDD (hypoactive sexual desire disorder) in premenopausal women. Under the brand name Vyleesi, Bremelanotide is the first and only FDA-approved way of HSDD treatment.

Sexual Dysfunctions

As we already said, PT-141 is an effective treatment for HSDD in premenopausal women but it’s important to note it should not be used as a treatment in women who already went through menopause or as a way of boosting sexual performance in men. These have not yet been fully tested.

We’ve seen the effectiveness of PT-141 (Bremelanotide) demonstrated in numerous studies. One such study followed female test subjects over the course of 52 weeks where the treated group received a 1.75mg dose right before anticipated sexual intercourse. All participants showed higher scores on general arousal, desire and orgasm, as compared to the placebo group. Also, no major side effects were linked to PT-141 application – the “most severe” ones were nausea, flushing and headache, which only occurred in around 10% of the participants.

Interestingly enough, scientists are still unsure about the Bremelanotide’s exact mechanism of action and how it leads to increased sexual desire in female patients. All we know is that it’s a potent alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone, binding predominantly to the receptors MC4R and MC1R, and, to a certain extent, to MC1R-MC5R.

PT-141 And Erectile Dysfunction

At the beginning of the article we said that PT-141 (bremelanotide) should not be used to increase sexual desire in men… but this is not entirely true as there is some emerging evidence that this peptide does affect male sexual performance.

Currently, there are a number of effective ED treatment options available. One of the most fail-proof and common ones, incidentally the most invasive one, is an intracavernosal injection – where an injection is applied directly to corpus cavernosum (spongy tissue that runs through the shaft of the penis).

Naturally, researchers are on the lookout for a new, less invasive treatment option and are testing PT-141 as such. Though research is still in its early stages, results showed significant increases in both duration and the erection quality in both “regular” men, as well as those known to be taking viagra.

We still need more research to confirm all these findings and determine the safety and efficacy of using PT-14 as a reliable ED treatment option, but clinical studies suggest we are heading in this direction.

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CJC-1295 10mg $90.00

CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) developed by ConjuChem Biotechnologies.

GHRH is a 44-amino acid long peptide which our hypothalamus synthesizes and in the pituitary gland, it binds to the growth hormone (GH) receptors, resulting in the release, regulation and pulsatile secretion of GH.

We already talked about GH therapy as being FDA approved in conditions such as GH deficiency, Turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, idiopathic short stature etc. Recombinant human GH treatment is generally performed as one daily, subcutaneous injection which elevates the levels of GH serum in the blood.

One of the major problems with this approach to treatment is that the efficacy of GH therapy is hard to determine due to the lack of biological serum biomarkers. Currently, most facilities are using levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 to monitor the efficacy of this therapy but these levels may vary wildly (due to growth velocity, glucose tolerance, insulin levels etc.).

Furthermore, GH abuse extended across multiple sports disciplines, making it even harder to suppress and put this problem under control.

Researchers hope to solve this problem by employing new biomarkers of GH action and secretion. One such way is to employ newly developed molecules, such as CJC-1295, shown to increase both GH and IGF-1 levels in the blood, without affecting the pulsatility of GH secretion. CJC-1295 also has a prolonged half-life of 8 to 10 days, due to its ability to bind to the endogenous serum albumin.

So, what scientists are hoping to achieve with CJC-1295 is both a safe way of promoting GH secretion as well as making it measurable in a laboratory setting. There were numerous studies tackling this issue, but we still need further testing to confirm these preliminary findings.

Reference:

Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009 Dec;19(6):471-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.03.001. Epub 2009 Apr 21. PMID: 19386527; PMCID: PMC2787983.

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Cerebrolysin 2mg, 5mg $50.00 – $110.00

https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/37KZM6S21G%20

2mg 5mg

Cerebrolysin is a porcine-derived peptide preparation, with a low molecular mass and a variety of research applications. An interesting thing about cerebrolysin is that its preparation contains nerve growth factors, BDFN (brain derived neurotrophic factor), Ciliary nerve growth factor, p-21 and orexin. This means that cerebrolysin contains molecules with:

Pharmacodynamic properties – it expresses biochemical, physiological and molecular effects within the body.
Neurotrophic properties – it aids in growing, repair and neuron maintenance
Neuroprotective properties – it strengthens the neural pathways as well as the neurons themselves and improves synaptic plasticity.

Cerebrolysin Chemical Structure

It’s a bit difficult talking about cerebrolysin as it does not have a single chemical structure, rather, it’s a combination of several different peptides. As such, cerebrolysin is actually labeled an “orphan drug” by the FDA. What this means is it did show promise in disease treatment and prevention (in clinical trials), but only in orphan diseases. Orphan disease is one that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the US. This is why this peptide mix is not a profitable venture for further, independent studies, and research is only possible with financial help from the government.

But in the particular case of cerebrolysin, the government did, in fact, intervene, due to its potential in dealing with dementia and because of its neuroprotective capabilities.

This peptide mix was first developed in Austria, back in 1940 and has since become a vital medicine in Asia, especially Russia and China. Research studies showed that it has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and express its pharmacodynamic effects on both brain and the spinal cord.

But, what does it do?

Since cerebrolysin is not a single chemical compound, as we already said, we can look at it, and its effects, through the components its made of:

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) – this is a protein found in our central nervous system, shown to have a profound effect on neuron growth, synapse growth and health. Research in depression and Alcheimer’s disease revealed disrupted BDNF pattern expression.
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GCNF) – this is an exceptionally important, naturally occurring peptide that promotes neuron survival, decreases the loss of neurons and, as some studies have pointed out, has the potential to aid the prevention of Parkinson’s and ALS.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) – this is an interesting hormone affecting the growth of certain neural cells and has been a subject of numerous trials aimed at treating ALS.
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) – this is a particularly important peptide which regulates the growth, survival and neuron increase in number. Some studies showed NGF is one of the important factors in programmed cell death and regulation of certain immune system mechanisms.

Looking at these effects, it’s not hard to imagine why scientists used these molecules – to try and merge all these positive effects into one single mix. But were they successful? We actually have some clinical trials atesting to these possibilities:

Cerebrolysin and Dementia – a study done in 2012 evaluated the outcomes of cerebrolysin therapy in patients with Alcheimer’s over the course of a 12 week treatment period. The study showed significant improvements in cognitive functions and the symptoms of dementia lasting up to several months after the study was finished.
Cerebrolysin and Parkinson’s – we know that the onset of Parkinson’s disease has to do with the protection of dopamine producing neurons. The loss of these neurons is what leads to motor deficits characteristic for this disease. Unfortunately, we haven’t had human trials, but the one on mice showed that cerebrolysin administration protected these neurons and also lowered certain hormones responsible for Parkinson’s disease worsening.
Stroke and Brain Injuries – though we don’t have many studies dealing with this topic, some small-scale ones showed cerebrolysin as being not only safe to use, but also helpful in recovery rate if given within 72 hours. Research in infants with brain injury induced communication delay also showed cerebrolysin improved therapeutic outcomes.

Even though these positive effects may seem overwhelming, leaving you wondering why cerebrolysin is not a mainstream, FDA-approved drug still, it’s important to note most of these findings were done on a limited sample (and mostly on animal studies). We have yet to see its effects in large-scale studies and, more importantly, see the long-term benefits of cerebrolysin therapy. Even though the initial results seem promising, we need to be patient and wait for more information before the final verdict.

References:

Allegri RF, Guekht A. Cerebrolysin improves symptoms and delays progression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Drugs Today (Barc). 2012 Apr;48 Suppl A:25-41. doi: 10.1358/dot.2012.48(Suppl.A).1739721. PMID: 22514793.

Plosker GL, Gauthier S. Cerebrolysin: a review of its use in dementia. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(11):893-915. doi: 10.2165/11203320-000000000-00000. PMID: 19848437.

Masliah E, Armasolo F, Veinbergs I, Mallory M, Samuel W. Cerebrolysin ameliorates performance deficits, and neuronal damage in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Feb;62(2):239-45. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00144-0. PMID: 9972690.

Ozkizilcik A, Sharma A, Lafuente JV, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Tian ZR, Mössler H, Sharma HS. Nanodelivery of cerebrolysin reduces pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Brain Res. 2019;245:201-246. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.014. Epub 2019 Apr 2. PMID: 30961868.

Hassanein SM, Deifalla SM, El-Houssinie M, Mokbel SA. Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin in Infants with Communication Defects due to Severe Perinatal Brain Insult: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Neurol. 2016 Jan;12(1):79-84. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.79. Epub 2015 Sep 11. PMID: 26365023; PMCID: PMC4712290.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7973386/

NAD+ $55.00

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme that’s present in every living cell and, as such, is involved in a number of metabolic and cellular processes. This is why NAD+ is so interesting for many different areas of research such as:

Anti aging
Metabolic disorders
Neurodegenerative disorders
And even cancer research

PeptideShop.com sells NAD+ peptide in vials of 100mg and is meant for laboratory use only. Researchers commonly use it to test its effectiveness on:

DNA damage repair and gene expression
Stress response regulation
Slowing down the progression of degenerative disorders
Metabolism pathway testing

But, as previously mentioned, we are still waiting on large scale human tests.

NAD+ Role In Cellular Maintenance

Cellular NAD exists in two forms:

NAD+
NADH

When there’s a shift in NAD+ and its level drops in favor of NADH, this is a hallmark of aging; though the exact mechanisms that lead to this drop still remain unknown.

Naturally, numerous clinical studies showed that increasing NAD+ levels leads to the reduction of age-related immune and metabolic changes. Meaning there is potential of using NAD+ in treating age related disorders.

NAD+ And Neurodegenerative Disorders

When speaking about aging, one of the most contributing factors is mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. Aging also speeds up the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, triggering DNA damage and mitochondrial impairment.

Luckily, studies have shown that NAD+ treatment (and even supplementation) helped restore mitochondrial function, enhance neural function and even improve cognitive abilities.

NAD+ And Metabolic Disorders

We’ve seen a dramatic increase in metabolic disorders lately, making it one of the major global health problems. Of course, we use the term metabolic disorders to cluster a whole host of problems such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, as well as some cardiovascular pathologies.

NAD+ levels directly influence nutrient status in cells, so regulating them stands as a clear guideline to future research in hope of making NAD+ an FDA-approved way of treating metabolic and age related disorders.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7963035/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9512238/

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Semaglutide (GLP-1) 5mg/10mg $105.00 – $190.00

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist.It is one of the two primary hormones that may enhance incretin activity in rodent models, along with GIP.

GLP-1 is one of the major incretin (gut peptide secreted after nutrient intake) hormones in humans. It plays a pivotal role in many different mechanisms within the body:

Insulin secretion
Inhibits glucagon release (glucagon is secreted as a response in blood sugar drop)
Suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis (glycogen is the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver)
Delays gastric emptying
Reduces appetite and energy intake

When talking about obese diabetic 2 type patients, GLP-1 assumes a special status in their treatment as it lowers HbA1c levels along with body weight, but without the risk of hypoglycemia.

However, the biggest problem with GLP-1 is its short half-live (of only 1 to 2 minutes) and this is why researchers turner to various other GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as liraglutide, dulaglutide and, of course, semaglutide. Another thing researchers hope to achieve by turning to GLP-1 agonists, such as semaglutide, is to develop an effective diabetes management drug which needs less frequent dosing.

Murine models suggested that semaglutide’s GLP-1 receptor activation affects insulin secretion, blood sugar homeostasis and beta cell protection. Further, in vitro studies showed its potential to also affect glucagon secretion. This insulin glucagon mechanics is what’s used to balance our pancreatic function and regulate metabolism.

References:

Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022 Jun;23(3):521-539. doi: 10.1007/s11154-021-09699-1. Epub 2022 Jan 7. PMID: 34993760; PMCID: PMC8736331.
Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Dec;8(12):728-42. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.140. Epub 2012 Sep 4. PMID: 22945360.

500 in stock

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